Executive Summary
The aim of this study is to understand the behavior of mineral particles in concentrated electrolyte solutions using surface force techniques. To this end there are two significant challenges.
1) The first challenge relates to the type of surface forces that dominate at high electrolyte concentration. They are very short in range and poorly understood theoretically, but it is known that they are related to the solvation of the surface layer of a material or ions adsorbed to that layer, hence they are called solvation forces, or in aqueous solutions, hydration forces.
2) The second challenge is to prepare surfaces that are suitable for investigation by surface force measurement techniques and is intimately related to the first challenge as the very short range over which hydration forces operate requires that surface roughness is controlled at a level comparable to or less than the range of the hydration forces.